20 Best Credit Card Offers with the Longest Interest-Free Periods
Extended 0% APR offers look shiny on the surface, but the smartest consumers ask: “What’s the real trade-off? Am I saving the most money, or am I giving up something critical in the fine print?”
🔑 Key Takeaways: Quick Answers to What You Really Want to Know
- Is the longest term always best? Not necessarily—sometimes a shorter term + sign-up bonus beats a long plain APR offer.
- Do balance transfer fees kill the savings? Yes, if ignored. A 5% fee on $10K = $500 upfront.
- Which card is best for pure debt relief? Citi Simplicity® with its 3% transfer fee + 21 months.
- Which is best for big one-time spending? Chase Freedom Unlimited® for its bonus + rewards.
- What if I want everyday value after debt is gone? Citi Double Cash® is the hybrid champion.
- Hidden traps? Asymmetric APR offers, missed transfer windows, and post-intro APR spikes.
- Who should avoid rewards-heavy cards? Those who can’t pay balances fully by the deadline. Rewards vanish if interest kicks in.
❓ Is Longer Always Better, or Just Expensive?
Many assume 24 months beats 15 months—but math says otherwise. A longer 0% window usually comes with higher transfer fees and no bonuses, meaning short-term cost could outweigh long-term time.
Offer ⚖️ | APR Duration | Transfer Fee | Sign-Up Bonus | Net Impact Example (on $10K debt) |
---|---|---|---|---|
U.S. Bank Shield™ | 24 months | 5% ($500) | None | Great time runway, but $500 sunk immediately. |
Citi Simplicity® | 21 months | 3% ($300) | None | Shorter than 24 months but $200 cheaper upfront. |
Chase Freedom Unlimited® | 15 months | 3% ($300) | $200 bonus | Fee covered by bonus; may actually net a gain. |
💡 Expert Insight: Time only beats cost if your balance is very large and you know you’ll need the full extra months. For most, the hybrid route is cheaper.
❓ Which Card Protects Against Mistakes Like a Late Payment?
Some cards are brutally unforgiving—a single late pay triggers penalty APRs. Others offer built-in forgiveness.
Card 🛡️ | Forgiveness Policy | Why It Matters |
---|---|---|
Citi Simplicity® | No late fees, no penalty APR | Ideal for stress-prone or variable income households. |
BankAmericard® | No penalty APR | Keeps future interest predictable, even if you slip once. |
Most 24-month cards | Standard penalty APR (29%+) | One missed due date can erase all savings. |
💡 Expert Tip: If your life is unpredictable (freelancer income, gig work), prioritize no-penalty APR protections over sheer duration.
❓ Where Do Rewards Still Matter During 0% APR?
Extended 0% cards often give up rewards—but if you plan big upfront spending, hybrid cards deliver massive return.
Card 💳 | APR Window | Rewards Strength | First-Year Power |
---|---|---|---|
Chase Freedom Unlimited® | 15 months | 5% travel, 3% dining/drugstores, 1.5% everything | Great for diversified spenders. |
Discover it® Cash Back | 15 months | 5% rotating + Cashback Match | Double rewards = up to 10% back. |
Citi Double Cash® | 18 months (transfers only) | Flat 2% on all purchases | Long-term everyday powerhouse. |
💡 Expert Insight: If your purchase is a one-off (appliance, wedding), stack APR + sign-up bonus. For ongoing debt, ignore rewards—they don’t offset interest risk.
❓ Which Cards Have the Trickiest Fine Print?
Not all 0% APRs apply equally—some split terms between purchases and transfers.
Card ⚠️ | Purchases Intro | Balance Transfer Intro | Trap to Avoid |
---|---|---|---|
Citi Simplicity® | 12 months | 21 months | Great for transfers, terrible for new spending beyond a year. |
Citi Diamond Preferred® | 12 months | 21 months | Same trap + higher 5% fee than Simplicity. |
Ink Business Unlimited® | 12 months purchases only | None | No BT help; only good for new spenders. |
💡 Critical Tip: Always match card use with its strongest intro feature. Mixing purchase financing and transfers on asymmetric cards is a costly misstep.
❓ Which Cards Add Hidden Perks Worth Hundreds?
Surprisingly, some “plain” cards sneak in cell phone insurance, credit limit bumps, or even APR step-downs.
Card 🎁 | Hidden Perk | Why It’s Underrated |
---|---|---|
U.S. Bank Shield™ / Wells Fargo Reflect® | $600 cell phone protection | Can offset annual phone insurance fees. |
Chase Slate Edge® | 2% APR reduction yearly if on-time | Builds into a semi-permanent low-interest card. |
Citi Diamond Preferred® | Citi Entertainment access | Niche, but useful for event-goers. |
💡 Pro Move: If you already pay for phone insurance ($100+ yearly), shifting to Reflect® or Shield™ saves real cash, even if BT fees are higher.
❓ How Do You Choose Based on Your Financial Persona?
Here’s how to align strategy with profile, not just chase the longest headline.
Persona 👤 | Best Match | Why |
---|---|---|
Aggressive Debt Killer | Citi Simplicity® | 21 months + lowest BT fee = cheapest route. |
Big Purchase Planner | Chase Freedom Unlimited® | 0% APR + bonus + rewards stack for large buys. |
Everyday All-Rounder | Citi Double Cash® | Long-term utility with 2% back forever. |
Safety-Net User | Wells Fargo Reflect® | Long 21 months + no-penalty safety with phone protection. |
Household Budgeter | AmEx Blue Cash Everyday® | 3% on groceries/gas/online + 15 months APR. |
🚀 Final Expert Pointers
- Don’t just look at months—calculate break-even. A 3% fee vs. 5% fee swings hundreds on big balances.
- Prioritize behavior match. If you’re prone to slip-ups, penalty-free cards may save more than extra APR months.
- Maximize bonuses if you can pay down in time. Free $200+ often outweighs extra months of interest-free time.
- Never forget the end game. Build your payoff timeline before swiping—APR clocks don’t stop for confusion.
FAQs
💡 Comment 1: “Isn’t choosing the longest 0% APR card always the smartest decision?”
Not necessarily. While the 24-month U.S. Bank Shield™ Visa® looks unbeatable, the upfront 5% transfer fee can devour hundreds of dollars instantly. In comparison, the Citi Simplicity® at 21 months charges only 3% if you act within four months, which is a direct savings of $200 on a $10,000 transfer. The “longest runway” matters most for those with balances so large that repayment will realistically take the full two years. Otherwise, a shorter intro period with a lower cost structure—and possibly a sign-up bonus—can leave you financially ahead.
⏱️ Strategy | Long-Term Card (24 mo) | Mid-Tier Card (21 mo) | Hybrid Card (15 mo) |
---|---|---|---|
Fee Impact | 5% = $500 on $10K | 3% = $300 on $10K | 3% = $300 but offset with $200 bonus |
Time Value | Longest runway 🛫 | Nearly equal runway ✈️ | Shorter but bonus adds cushion 🎁 |
Best For | Huge balances + slow repayment | Moderate balances + cost sensitive | Quick payoff + bonus seekers |
💡 Comment 2: “What’s the hidden trap no one talks about?”
The balance transfer window is the most underestimated pitfall. Some cards, like U.S. Bank Shield™, give you only 60 days to transfer balances, while Wells Fargo Reflect® extends it to 120 days. Miss the deadline, and your 0% APR dream evaporates—any transfer after that gets hit with regular APRs up to 29%. That single oversight can cost more than any annual fee or lost reward.
🚪 Transfer Window | Time Allowed | Example Card | Risk Factor |
---|---|---|---|
Short (≤60 days) | Must act fast | U.S. Bank Shield™ | High risk of missing |
Medium (90–120 days) | More planning space | Wells Fargo Reflect® | Safer, but still limited |
None (purchase-only) | No transfers allowed | Ink Business Unlimited® | Misleading if misunderstood |
💡 Comment 3: “Are rewards just a distraction during 0% APR?”
Rewards are irrelevant if balances remain unpaid after the intro period, because accrued interest will wipe out any gains. However, for consumers using the card for planned purchases they can repay in time, rewards create meaningful net value. For instance, the Discover it® Cash Back effectively doubles first-year rewards through Cashback Match, turning a $1,500 quarterly grocery spend into 10% back. That’s not trivial—it’s $600 over a year that directly offsets costs.
🎉 Rewards Impact | Short-Term Benefit | Long-Term Role |
---|---|---|
Pure APR cards | None | Debt-only tool |
Hybrid cards | Sign-up bonus + tiered rewards | Becomes daily driver post-debt |
Maximizers | Rotating/bonus categories | Can offset fees if used strategically |
💡 Comment 4: “What protection features actually matter beyond APR?”
Two underrated shields stand out: cell phone insurance and penalty APR protection. Cards like Wells Fargo Reflect® and U.S. Bank Shield™ provide up to $600 reimbursement for phone damage or theft if you pay your bill with the card—a benefit worth more than most sign-up bonuses over time. Meanwhile, cards such as Citi Simplicity® ensure no penalty APR, meaning one late slip won’t skyrocket your rate to 29%. For people juggling multiple bills, this built-in safety net can prevent a spiral of fees and interest.
🛡️ Protection Type | Example Card | Value Proposition |
---|---|---|
Cell Phone Coverage | Wells Fargo Reflect® | Saves $10–$15/month vs. insurance |
No Penalty APR | Citi Simplicity® | Protects credit health during slip-ups |
APR Reduction Over Time | Chase Slate Edge® | Rewards long-term good behavior |
💡 Comment 5: “If I only have $3,000 in debt, what’s my smartest play?”
For smaller balances, the sign-up bonus often outweighs longer APR periods. For example, a Chase Freedom Unlimited® charges a $90 fee (3% of $3,000), but gives a $200 bonus—netting you a $110 gain while also offering 15 months of interest-free breathing room. By contrast, transferring to a 24-month card with a 5% fee costs $150 upfront, with no bonus to offset. In this scenario, the flashy long-duration cards are actually inferior.
💰 Balance | Pure APR Card (24 mo) | Hybrid Rewards Card (15 mo) | Outcome |
---|---|---|---|
$3,000 | Fee = $150, no bonus | Fee = $90, bonus = $200 | Net +$110 with hybrid |
$10,000 | Fee = $500, no bonus | Fee = $300, bonus = $200 | Longer card cheaper if slow payoff |
💬 Comment 6: “Why did I lose my purchase grace period after I did a balance transfer?”
Most issuers remove the interest-free grace period on new purchases whenever any part of your statement balance is carried, including a promotional transfer. That means new purchases can start accruing interest immediately, even while the transfer sits at 0%.
Fix: Keep the BT card “transfer-only,” and put new spending on a separate card you can pay in full each cycle.
🧯 Situation | What Actually Happens | Safer Play |
---|---|---|
BT + new purchases | Grace period usually disappears; purchases can accrue interest | Use BT card for BT only |
“I’ll pay extra later” | Extra helps, but grace won’t return until $0 statement balance | Split cards to preserve grace |
Mixed APRs | Payments above minimum typically hit highest APR first | Still avoid purchases on BT card |
💬 Comment 7: “What monthly payment clears my BT before the clock hits 0%?”
Use a straight divide: (Transfer + BT fee) ÷ # of promo months. Then round up and add a small buffer to absorb statement timing.
🧮 Example (no new spend) | Balance | Fee % | Promo Months | Required Monthly |
---|---|---|---|---|
Citi Simplicity® | $6,000 | 3% ($180) | 21 | $294 |
Wells Fargo Reflect® | $10,000 | 5% ($500) | 21 | $500 |
BankAmericard® | $4,000 | 3% ($120) | 18 | $229 |
Chase Freedom Unlimited® | $3,000 | 3% ($90) | 15 | $206 |
Pro move: Pay before the statement cuts to reduce average daily balance; a few days matter.
💬 Comment 8: “Will a transfer hurt my credit score?”
Two short-term dings are common: a hard inquiry and a lower average age of accounts. The big swing, however, is utilization. If the new limit is small relative to the transferred balance, your utilization may spike—even though you’re paying 0%.
📈 Credit Factor | Short-Term Effect | Recovery Plan |
---|---|---|
New account & hard pull | Small dip | Space applications, avoid multiple same-week pulls |
Utilization on new card | Can jump (large balance / low limit) | Ask for higher limit after 3–6 on-time pays |
Payment history | Builds with on-time autopay | Turn on autopay for statement balance or fixed amount |
💬 Comment 9: “Can I ‘ladder’ to another 0% card when the promo ends?”
Yes—this serial transfer strategy buys time, but overuse raises approval risk and piles new-account hits. Model the fee drag; a second 3–5% fee can erase extra months’ value.
🔄 Ladder Plan | Timeline 🗓️ | Key Risks | Guardrails |
---|---|---|---|
Card A → Card B | Months 1–21 → 22–39 | Additional 3–5% fee; approval not guaranteed | Keep total new accounts low; prequal first |
Balance decay | Pay 60–70% by Month 21 | Large remainder fuels fee costs | Front-load payments |
Timing | Apply ~60 days before expiry | Overlapping promos | Keep utilization under ~30–40% if possible |
💬 Comment 10: “My new limit is lower than my balance—partial transfer worth it?”
Usually yes: moving even part of a high-APR balance to 0% saves interest immediately. Then target remaining high-APR debt with avalanche payments.
🧰 Constraint | What To Do | Outcome |
---|---|---|
Low new limit | Transfer up to limit; leave rest | Interest shrinks on the transferred slice |
One issuer declines full BT | Split across 2 cards if approvals allow | Diversifies utilization |
Need more headroom | Request CLI after 3–6 months of perfect pay | Higher limit → lower utilization |
💬 Comment 11: “Is ‘0% if paid in full’ the same as 0% APR?”
No. That store promo is deferred interest: miss full payoff by $1 and all accrued interest retroactively posts. True 0% APR does not back-bill.
⚠️ Offer Type | How It Works | Worst-Case Surprise |
---|---|---|
Deferred interest | Interest accrues invisibly; waived only if paid in full | Retroactive charges for the whole period |
True 0% APR | Interest doesn’t accrue during promo | You owe interest only on remaining balance after promo |
💬 Comment 12: “I’m a freelancer—should I use a business 0% card?”
Possibly, but check reporting policies. Some business cards do report to personal credit (varies by issuer), which can affect utilization and new account counts. Business cards can be excellent working-capital bridges, but keep clean separation for taxes and bookkeeping.
🧾 Consideration | Why It Matters | Action |
---|---|---|
Personal reporting | Could hit utilization/AAoA | Verify issuer policy before applying |
Recordkeeping | Easier deductions and audit trail | Use separate card for biz-only spend |
Cash flow | 0% on purchases helps uneven income | Match payoff to invoice cycles |
💬 Comment 13: “How do payment allocation rules affect me?”
Under U.S. rules, the portion above the minimum must go toward the highest APR balance first. The minimum can be applied to lower APR balances. You can’t “target” a category, but you can double-pay each cycle: minimum early, then a second payment mid-cycle—reducing interest-bearing buckets sooner.
🧠 Tactic | When | Why It Helps |
---|---|---|
Pay minimum early | As soon as statement posts | Stops fees, satisfies allocation rules |
Second payment | Mid-cycle | More goes to highest APR balances |
Separate spending | Keep purchases off BT card | Avoids purchase interest |
💬 Comment 14: “A merchant refund posted—where does that money go?”
Many issuers apply refunds to the lowest APR portion first (often the 0% bucket), which doesn’t reduce interest-bearing balances. If a large refund hits, consider a same-cycle extra payment so your total payment above minimum still attacks the highest APR bucket.
💳 Event | Common Allocation | Smart Response |
---|---|---|
Refund during promo | Offsets 0% balance first | Make an extra payment so high-APR still drops |
Refund after promo ends | Varies by issuer | Check online allocation; adjust payment timing |
Chargeback win | Similar to refund | Revisit payoff plan that cycle |
💬 Comment 15: “Should I prequalify or go straight to apply?”
Use soft-pull prequalification to gauge odds without score impact. When ready, submit one focused application; clusters of hard pulls in a short window can spook underwriters and reduce limits or approvals.
🔍 Step | Benefit | Extra Tip |
---|---|---|
Prequalification | No-score-check preview | Cross-check multiple issuers |
Time spacing | Lowers “credit seeking” signal | 30–60 days between apps is conservative |
Limit strategy | Higher initial limits help utilization | List all income you can document |
💬 Comment 16: “Can I negotiate the balance transfer fee?”
BT fees are typically hard-coded. What you can influence is the limit (which lowers utilization) and sometimes qualify for targeted mailers with better terms by improving your internal profile (on-time history, low utilization, stable income).
🛠️ What’s Flexible | What’s Usually Not | What To Optimize |
---|---|---|
Credit limit, APR after promo | BT fee %, transfer window | Payment history, utilization, banking relationship |
💬 Comment 17: “Is autopay enough, or should I micro-manage?”
Set autopay for more than the minimum (e.g., fixed amount that clears before the deadline), then add manual mid-cycle payments when cash flow allows. This reduces average daily balance and insulates against forgotten due dates.
⏱️ Payment Style | Pros | Watch-Out |
---|---|---|
Minimum autopay only | Prevents late fees | Balance may linger past promo |
Fixed-amount autopay | Predictable amortization | Revisit after raises/bonuses |
Mid-cycle top-ups | Lowers average daily balance | Track statement close date |
💬 Comment 18: “Can I transfer from Card A to Card A?”
No—same-issuer transfers are generally blocked. You’ll need a different issuer. Also, some issuers exclude certain brands they also service. Always read the transfer exclusions list at checkout.
🔐 Attempt | Likely Result | Alternative |
---|---|---|
Same issuer → same issuer | Denied by system | Apply with a different bank |
Co-brands serviced by same bank | Often excluded | Pick unrelated network/issuer |
Balance transfer checks | Might bypass portal rules | Verify terms before depositing |
💬 Comment 19: “Do cash advances interact with my 0%?”
Avoid them entirely. Cash advances start accruing interest immediately, usually at the highest APR, and often carry extra fees. They also complicate allocation—payments above minimum will hit the cash-advance bucket first, delaying progress on your BT.
🚫 Transaction | Cost Profile | Safer Substitute |
---|---|---|
Cash advance | Fee + immediate high APR | Debit, ACH, or a 0% purchase if merchant allows |
Convenience checks (cash-like) | Often treated as cash | Use BT checks only if explicitly BT-coded |
💬 Comment 20: “What if my plan changes mid-promo?”
If income tightens, triage: freeze new spending on the BT card, switch to avalanche, and—if necessary—prequalify for a backup 0% offer 60–90 days before expiry. If approval odds are low, consider a personal loan at a fixed rate to avoid a sudden APR cliff.
🔄 Change | First Adjustment | Backup Plan |
---|---|---|
Income dip | Pause new spend; cut variable costs | Fixed-rate consolidation loan |
Utilization spike | Request CLI; pay before statement cut | Snowball small cards to free limit |
Approvals weak | Stabilize reports for 90 days | Ask current issuer for hardship/plan |
💬 Comment 21: “Why did my balance transfer post later than expected, and what does that mean for interest?”
Transfers don’t move instantly—processing can take 5–10 business days. During that gap, your old card may still accrue interest until the payoff posts. If you only sent a partial transfer, you’re responsible for any leftover interest. Always continue paying at least the minimum on the old card until the balance shows $0.
⏳ Delay Factor | Impact | Best Practice |
---|---|---|
Slow interbank processing | Interest accrues on old card | Pay minimum on old card until cleared |
Holidays/weekends | Adds lag | Initiate early in billing cycle |
Large transfer requests | Issuer review slows approval | Transfer in chunks if time-sensitive |
💬 Comment 22: “What happens if I accidentally charge something new during the BT promo?”
New purchases can become “trapped” at a different APR bucket. Payments above minimum usually apply to the highest APR first, but your promo balance still lingers. This often leads to phantom interest charges even when you’re paying.
⚠️ New Charge During Promo | Result | Damage Control |
---|---|---|
Purchase posts | Loses grace period | Pay new charge in full immediately |
Carryover balance | Mix of 0% + 20% APR | Track statements carefully |
Repeat spend | Harder to separate payments | Use a separate card for all new spending |
💬 Comment 23: “Can I still earn rewards while running a balance transfer?”
On true BT-focused cards (Reflect®, Simplicity®, Diamond Preferred®), rewards don’t exist. Hybrid cards like Freedom Unlimited® or Discover it® still pay on new spending—but carrying a balance muddies cash flow and can trigger surprise interest. Rewards are only useful if you don’t lose more in interest than you gain in points.
🎁 Card Type | Rewards Earned | Hidden Catch |
---|---|---|
Pure APR (e.g., Reflect®) | None | Solely debt tools |
Hybrid Rewards (e.g., Freedom Unlimited®) | Yes, on purchases | Risk of losing grace period |
Rewards vs. Fees | Rewards often < fee drag | Focus on debt first, perks later |
💬 Comment 24: “Is it smart to transfer multiple balances onto one card?”
Yes, consolidation streamlines payments—but it can push utilization on that one card sky-high, which hurts credit scores. The risk is all eggs in one basket: if you miss one payment, the entire promotional APR can vanish. Sometimes spreading across two cards balances utilization and protects credit.
📊 Strategy | Credit Impact | Payment Risk |
---|---|---|
All-in-one transfer | Simplifies payoff | High utilization on one line |
Split across two issuers | Spreads utilization | Two payments to track |
Best fit | Depends on limit vs. balance | Keep autopay active either way |
💬 Comment 25: “What’s the danger if I don’t clear the promo balance in time?”
The moment the 0% period ends, residual balance starts accruing at the regular APR—often north of 25%. Issuers don’t retro-charge interest (unless it’s deferred financing), but the sudden cost jump can be brutal. Example: $3,000 at 26% APR racks up about $65 in interest the very first month.
🕒 Promo Ends | Immediate Effect | Example Cost |
---|---|---|
Day 1 past promo | Balance accrues at reg. APR | $3,000 @ 26% → $65 in first month |
No plan | Spiral of compounding interest | Can wipe out fee savings |
Smart move | Build payoff schedule | Apply for backup 0% ~60 days out |
💬 Comment 26: “Why do some issuers quote APR periods in billing cycles instead of months?”
A “24 billing cycle” promo isn’t always exactly 24 months—it depends on your statement close date. If your cycle doesn’t align perfectly with calendar months, the promo can be a few days shorter or longer. Always check the end date in your online account, not just the marketing copy.
📅 Promo Language | Translation | Tip |
---|---|---|
“24 billing cycles” | Usually 24 months ± a few days | Verify exact cutoff in your account |
“21 months” | Straight calendar months | Still ends on statement closing date |
Don’t assume | Miscount leads to surprise | Mark payoff deadline on calendar |
💬 Comment 27: “Are there hidden fees I should expect besides the transfer fee?”
Yes. Many overlook foreign transaction fees, returned payment fees, or cash-equivalent charges (lottery tickets, money orders, gift cards). These bypass 0% promos and rack interest immediately.
💸 Hidden Fee | When Triggered | How to Avoid |
---|---|---|
Foreign transaction fee (3%) | Charges outside U.S. | Use a no-FTF card for travel |
Returned payment fee | Bank rejects autopay | Keep buffer in linked account |
Cash-equivalent interest | Gift cards, money orders | Don’t use promo cards for cash-like buys |
💬 Comment 28: “What’s better for debt—BT card or personal loan?”
If you can pay off in 12–21 months, BT card wins because it’s interest-free even with a 3–5% fee. If repayment will stretch years, a fixed-rate loan is safer—it prevents an APR cliff and provides predictable payments.
🧮 Debt Tool | Best For | Risk |
---|---|---|
0% BT card | Payoff < 2 years | APR spike after promo |
Personal loan | Payoff 2–5 years | Interest from day 1, but fixed |
Hybrid approach | Split small vs. large debt | Tailors repayment to time horizon |
💬 Comment 29: “How do I avoid autopay misfires on multiple BT cards?”
Set each card’s autopay for minimum due (to prevent penalty APR) and manually stack snowball payments on the card with the highest post-promo APR. Layering autopay + manual control prevents late fees but still prioritizes debt strategically.
🔄 Method | How It Works | Why It’s Safe |
---|---|---|
Autopay = minimum | Covers every issuer’s rule | Avoids penalty APR |
Manual snowball | Add targeted lump sums | Attacks balance with worst APR |
Calendar alerts | Sync to due dates | Prevents double-blind misses |
💬 Comment 30: “Is it worth paying off a BT card early?”
Yes—because the fee is sunk, but the average daily balance shrinks faster. Paying early in the promo maximizes interest-free leverage and lowers the risk of missing the deadline. Don’t drag it out just because it’s 0%—treat it as a discounted loan, not free money.
⏩ Payoff Timing | Impact | Discipline Benefit |
---|---|---|
Early (front-load) | Balance decays quicker; lower stress | Builds repayment habit |
Even monthly | Predictable budgeting | Risk of tight squeeze at end |
Late (back-load) | Big balloon at deadline | Dangerous if income shifts |